燃氣內燃發(fā)電機組由于其燃料適應性好，發(fā)電效率高，機組運行方式靈活等特點，廣泛應用于天然氣發(fā)電，生物沼氣發(fā)電，垃圾填埋氣發(fā)電，瓦斯發(fā)電，石油伴生氣發(fā)電，生物質熱解氣發(fā)電，冶金尾氣發(fā)電等領域。在常見的幾種燃氣類型中，由于不同的燃氣產生來源和工藝過程，燃氣中會常常包含著多種雜質。尤其是在垃圾填埋氣、生物沼氣和生物質熱解氣等燃氣中雜質較多。許多雜質對燃氣內燃發(fā)電機組的運行會造成不同程度的影響，因此需要對燃氣進行相應的預處理，以達到燃氣內燃發(fā)電機組正常運行的基本要求。下面就幾種常見的雜質類型進行簡要的分析。

　　Gas internal combustion generator sets are widely used in natural gas power generation, biogas power generation, landfill gas power generation, gas power generation, petroleum associated gas power generation, biomass pyrolysis gas power generation, metallurgical tail gas power generation and other fields due to their good fuel adaptability, high power generation efficiency, and flexible operation mode. Among the common types of gas, due to different sources and processes of gas production, gas often contains various impurities. Especially in gases such as landfill gas, biogas, and biomass pyrolysis gas, there are many impurities present. Many impurities can have varying degrees of impact on the operation of gas-fired internal combustion generators, so it is necessary to perform corresponding pre-treatment on the gas to meet the basic requirements for the normal operation of gas-fired internal combustion generators. Below is a brief analysis of several common types of impurities.

　　1、顆粒物粉塵等固體顆粒物對燃氣內燃發(fā)電機組的影響，主要在于造成過濾器堵塞、進氣量不足和壓力降低等。在發(fā)動機氣缸內部會造成缸壁和活塞磨損，同時也會污染潤滑油，進而造成其他部件如滑動軸承的磨損，影響機組的正常運行。發(fā)動機燃氣進氣閥組自帶的過濾器僅用于保護系統(tǒng)不受顆粒物損壞，不能作為工作負荷過濾器。用戶應在燃氣管路設置工作負荷過濾器，且過濾器在顆粒直徑大于3 μm 時，最低分離率必須達到 99.99%或以上。對于助燃空氣，顏巴赫燃氣發(fā)電機組要求空氣中顆粒物含量不高于0.1 mg/Nm3，助燃空氣過濾器至少滿足EN779 G3等級且必須確保各類工藝的排放氣體（如工業(yè)廢氣、生物過程排放尾氣或溶劑）不能進入到發(fā)動機助燃空氣中，以免影響發(fā)動機的運行。

　　1. The impact of solid particles such as particulate matter and dust on gas-fired internal combustion generator sets mainly lies in causing filter blockage, insufficient air intake, and pressure reduction. Inside the engine cylinder, it can cause wear on the cylinder wall and piston, as well as contaminate the lubricating oil, leading to wear on other components such as sliding bearings and affecting the normal operation of the unit. The built-in filter of the engine gas intake valve group is only used to protect the system from particulate matter damage and cannot be used as a workload filter. Users should install a workload filter in the gas pipeline, and the minimum separation rate of the filter must reach 99.99% or above when the particle diameter is greater than 3 μ m. For combustion air, the Yanbach gas generator set requires that the particulate matter content in the air should not exceed 0.1 mg/Nm3, and the combustion air filter should meet at least EN779 G3 level. It must also ensure that emissions from various processes (such as industrial waste gas, biological process exhaust gas, or solvents) cannot enter the engine combustion air to avoid affecting the operation of the engine.

　　2、硫在生物沼氣等燃氣中常常含有硫化氫等含硫化合物，如果在氣缸內燃燒則形成二氧化硫和三氧化硫。由于燃氣中含有水分且燃氣燃燒也將產生水分，含硫化合物溶于水形成氫硫酸、亞硫酸和硫酸，這些酸性物質會對發(fā)動機金屬部件產生腐蝕。含硫化合物溶于機油中也會使機油酸化，降低機油的潤滑能力，縮短機油使用壽命，并且對發(fā)動機內需要通過機油進行潤滑的部件產生腐蝕性影響，例如軸瓦、凸輪搖臂機構等。此外，含硫化合物也會對火花塞的金屬電極產生腐蝕，縮短火花塞使用壽命。燃氣內燃發(fā)電機組對于燃氣含硫量的具體要求跟機組型號以及燃氣甲烷濃度等都有關系，一般來說進入發(fā)動機的燃氣中含硫總量應低于300 mg/Nm3。此外，帶預燃室的機型通常有額外的要求。如果有帶催化劑的尾氣處理設備，還需考慮催化劑對硫含量的要求。在熱電聯(lián)供系統(tǒng)中，發(fā)動機尾氣常通過煙氣熱水換熱器進行熱交換以回收尾氣余熱。如果煙氣溫度降到硫氧化物（SOx）的酸露點以下，則會對換熱器產生腐蝕。

　　2. Sulfur often contains sulfur-containing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide in biogas and other gases. If burned in a cylinder, it forms sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Due to the presence of water in gas and the generation of water during combustion, sulfur-containing compounds dissolve in water to form hydrogen sulfate, sulfurous acid, and sulfuric acid, which can corrode metal components of the engine. The dissolution of sulfur-containing compounds in engine oil can also acidify the oil, reduce its lubricating ability, shorten its service life, and have a corrosive effect on components that need to be lubricated by engine oil, such as bearing shells, cam rocker mechanisms, etc. In addition, sulfur-containing compounds can also corrode the metal electrodes of spark plugs, shortening their service life. The specific requirements for gas sulfur content in gas internal combustion generator sets are related to the unit model and gas methane concentration. Generally speaking, the total sulfur content in the gas entering the engine should be less than 300 mg/Nm3. In addition, models with pre combustion chambers usually have additional requirements. If there is exhaust gas treatment equipment with catalysts, the requirements of catalysts for sulfur content should also be considered. In a combined heat and power system, engine exhaust gas is often heat exchanged through a flue gas hot water heat exchanger to recover exhaust heat. If the flue gas temperature drops below the acid dew point of sulfur oxides (SOx), corrosion will occur in the heat exchanger.

　　3、揮發(fā)性有機硅化合物（Volatile Organic Silicon Compounds，簡稱VOSC）

　　3. Volatile Organic Silicon Compounds (VOSC)

　　在生物沼氣、垃圾填埋氣中常常出現(xiàn)有機硅化合物，并且以硅氧烷分解物的形式存在，其特性是可燃、易揮發(fā)。這種物質在發(fā)動機中燃燒后會產生氧化硅，久而久之會形成沉積物覆蓋在發(fā)動機氣缸蓋表面，這會增加發(fā)動機的維護工作。如果發(fā)電系統(tǒng)配置了催化氧化劑尾氣處理裝置，此類雜質還會使催化劑失效。由于揮發(fā)性可氧化硅化合物的波動性，分析其在燃氣中的含量較為困難。因此，我們可以對機油進行分析，根據發(fā)電機組制造商所提供的檢測要求和計算公式，通過在一定運行小時內進行兩次機油檢測，對機油中硅總量進行分析計算特征值，以確定是否滿足機組正常運行的要求。

　　Organic silicon compounds often appear in biogas and landfill gas, and exist in the form of siloxane decomposition products, which are flammable and volatile. After combustion in the engine, this substance produces silicon oxide, which over time forms deposits covering the surface of the engine cylinder head, increasing the maintenance work of the engine. If the power generation system is equipped with a catalytic oxidant exhaust treatment device, such impurities can also cause catalyst failure. Due to the volatility of volatile oxidizable silicon compounds, it is difficult to analyze their content in gas. Therefore, we can analyze the engine oil and, based on the testing requirements and calculation formulas provided by the generator set manufacturer, conduct two oil tests within a certain operating hour to analyze and calculate the characteristic value of the total silicon content in the engine oil, in order to determine whether it meets the requirements for normal operation of the unit.

　　4、焦油在冷卻至低于露點的情況下，如果在燃氣或者混合氣中析出固態(tài)、液態(tài)或者高黏度產物形式的碳氫化合物，則將這類冷凝或者升華產物稱為焦油。由于不同的運行溫度和熱化學反應過程，生物質熱解和氣化過程中會產生成百上千種不同類別的焦油。通常，此類碳氫化合物在低溫遇冷時凝結成液態(tài)，會堵塞進氣系統(tǒng)、渦輪增壓器葉片和中冷器等。很難用簡單的冷凝方法完全去除焦油，因此對于含有焦油的燃氣，需要在燃氣進氣閥組管路上安裝加熱裝置，同時避免溫度較低的助燃空氣與含有此類碳氫化合物的燃氣混合。對生物質熱解氣進行預處理后，對其中焦油的露點進行分析是一個行之有效的方法。燃氣中焦油露點一般應低于燃氣露點5°C以上，這樣才能避免焦油進入燃氣接觸的部件內。以顏巴赫燃氣發(fā)電機組為例，機組對燃氣進氣溫度的范圍要求是10 - 40°C。

　　4. When tar is cooled below dew point, if solid, liquid, or high viscosity hydrocarbons precipitate in gas or mixture, these condensed or sublimated products are called tar. Due to different operating temperatures and thermochemical reaction processes, hundreds or thousands of different types of tar can be produced during biomass pyrolysis and gasification. Usually, such hydrocarbons condense into liquid form when cooled at low temperatures, which can clog the intake system, turbocharger blades, and intercooler. It is difficult to completely remove tar using simple condensation methods, so for gas containing tar, a heating device needs to be installed on the gas inlet valve pipeline, while avoiding the mixing of low-temperature combustion air with gas containing such hydrocarbons. Analyzing the dew point of tar in biomass pyrolysis gas after pretreatment is an effective method. The dew point of tar in gas should generally be at least 5 ° C lower than the dew point of gas, in order to prevent tar from entering the components in contact with gas. Taking the Yanbach gas generator set as an example, the unit requires a gas inlet temperature range of 10-40 ° C.

　　總結通過上述分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，燃氣中幾種常見雜質將影響燃氣內燃發(fā)電機組的正常運行。如果使用雜質超標的燃氣，某些情況下發(fā)電機組也許不會立即發(fā)生運行指標衰減、故障停機等顯性問題。但這類雜質對發(fā)電機組帶來的危害將逐漸累積，并對機組的運行效果，正常維護間隙甚至使用壽命產生非常深遠的負面影響。因此，通過預處理方式去除或減少燃氣中的雜質非常重要，且需按照燃氣內燃發(fā)電機組制造商的技術要求和建議來進行，同時也需要考慮預處理方式的有效性、經濟性，使整個發(fā)電系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)最佳的運行效果和經濟效益。

　　Through the above analysis, it can be concluded that several common impurities in gas will affect the normal operation of gas-fired internal combustion generators. If gas with excessive impurities is used, in some cases, the generator set may not immediately experience obvious problems such as deterioration of operating indicators, malfunction shutdown, etc. But the harm caused by such impurities to the generator set will gradually accumulate, and have a very profound negative impact on the operation efficiency, normal maintenance intervals, and even the service life of the unit. Therefore, it is very important to remove or reduce impurities in the gas through pre-treatment methods, and it should be carried out in accordance with the technical requirements and recommendations of the manufacturer of the gas internal combustion generator set. At the same time, the effectiveness and economy of the pre-treatment method should also be considered to achieve the best operating and economic benefits for the entire power generation system.

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